{"id":1019,"date":"2026-06-02T08:23:24","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T08:23:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/?p=1019"},"modified":"2026-06-02T08:23:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T08:23:24","slug":"alfalfa-stand-renovation-replanting-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/alfalfa-stand-renovation-replanting-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Yonca Tarlas\u0131 Yenileme: Ne Zaman Yeniden Dikilmeli ve Nas\u0131l Tohum Ekilmeli?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/div>\n
Yonca Tarlas\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi \u2014 Yenileme ve Yeniden Dikim<\/span><\/p>\n

Yonca Tarlas\u0131 Yenileme: Ne Zaman Yeniden Dikilmeli ve Nas\u0131l Tohum Ekilmeli?<\/h1>\n

Yerle\u015fik bir yonca tarlas\u0131, tohum ve ekim yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 1.500-1.500 TL'yi temsil eder; bu da yenileme, mevcut durumu koruma veya sonland\u0131rma karar\u0131n\u0131, bir saman i\u015fletmesinin takvimindeki en \u00f6nemli mali kararlardan biri haline getirir. Bu k\u0131lavuz, karar\u0131 ve uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 hem ekonomik olarak rasyonel hem de agronomik olarak sa\u011flam k\u0131lan saha de\u011ferlendirme y\u00f6ntemini, bitki yo\u011funlu\u011fu e\u015fiklerini, te\u015fhis \u00e7er\u00e7evesini ve yenileme prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi Durumunuzu De\u011ferlendirin<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Yonca Bitkilerinin \u00c7\u00f6kmesinin Nedenleri: Ne G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc Anlamak<\/h2>\n

Yonca tarlalar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 kademeli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir; \u015fiddetli k\u0131\u015f donmalar\u0131 veya sel olaylar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tarlalar nadiren aniden kurur. Daha yayg\u0131n olarak, tarlalar do\u011fal bitki \u00f6l\u00fcmleri, hastal\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131, b\u00f6cek zarar\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim kaynakl\u0131 stresin birle\u015fimiyle 2-5 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde seyrekle\u015fir. Tarlan\u0131z\u0131n seyrekle\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndaki mekanizmay\u0131 anlamak, seyrekle\u015fmenin kendisini \u00f6l\u00e7mek kadar \u00f6nemlidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc mekanizma, yenilemenin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ayn\u0131 sorunun yeni tarlay\u0131 yerle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce yok edip etmeyece\u011fini belirler.<\/p>\n

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Do\u011fal kay\u0131p (beklenen)<\/div>\n

Yerle\u015fik yonca, \u00e7o\u011fu ortamda y\u0131lda 10-201 bitki kaybeder. Metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 20 bitki ekilen bir alan, teorik olarak rekabet, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan stres ve k\u00f6k hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 normal bitki \u00f6l\u00fcmleri nedeniyle 3. y\u0131lda 10-12 bitkiye ve 5. y\u0131lda 6-8 bitkiye d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Bu, normal verimli alan ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr; alan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmaz, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bitki yo\u011funlu\u011funu telafi eden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bireysel ta\u00e7lara sahip daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rt\u00fcye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<\/div>\n

Yanl\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcme evresinde tekrar tekrar kesim yapmak, bitkinin k\u00f6k karbonhidrat rezervlerini yenilemeden \u00f6nce ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. 2-3 in\u00e7ten daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan tekrar tekrar kesim yapmak, g\u00f6vde materyali yerine b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ta\u00e7lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Sonbaharda \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 kesim yapmak, yeterli k\u0131\u015fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 engeller. Bu y\u00f6netim tercihlerinin her biri, bitki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011fal y\u0131pranma oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim kaynakl\u0131 gerileme d\u00fczeltilebilir; ancak altta yatan y\u00f6netim uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeden yenileme yapmak, ayn\u0131 nedenden dolay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olacak yeni bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu gerileme<\/div>\n

K\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi (Phytophthora, Aphanomyces, Fusarium), ilkbaharda k\u00f6k rezervlerini t\u00fcketen yonca b\u00f6ce\u011fi yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi ve g\u00f6vde nematodlar\u0131, do\u011fal kay\u0131plar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde azalmaya neden olabilir. Hastal\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 azalma, karakteristik g\u00f6rsel desenler olu\u015fturur; uzaktan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ancak kaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda koyu renkli, suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6k ta\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip bitkiler veya kademeli olarak seyrelmek yerine aniden \u00e7\u00f6ken bitkiler. Zararl\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 azalma, istila bask\u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle ili\u015fkilidir. Bu sorunlar, yenileme plan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fit direnci se\u00e7imi ve\/veya toprak drenaj\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesini gerektirir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00d6rnekleme Noktas\u0131 De\u011ferlendirmesi: Her \u00d6rnek Noktas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130ki Dakikadan Az S\u00fcren Saha Y\u00f6ntemi<\/h2>\n

\"Yonca<\/p>\n

Ormanl\u0131k alan\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi, k\u0131\u015f stresi nedeniyle bitki \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin tamamen g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geldi\u011fi ve orman\u0131n ger\u00e7ek verimli pop\u00fclasyonunun, yabanc\u0131 ot b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi veya hayatta kalanlar\u0131n yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle g\u00f6rsel olarak dolmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilece\u011fi ilkbahar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tam bir ormanl\u0131k alan de\u011ferlendirmesi iki bile\u015fenden olu\u015fur: metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na bitki say\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u00f6k ta\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesi.<\/p>\n

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Bitki say\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi (\u00f6rnekleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc)<\/div>\n

Tarlan\u0131n kenarlar\u0131ndan ve belirgin homojenlik yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan alanlardan ka\u00e7\u0131narak, tarlan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde rastgele se\u00e7ilmi\u015f 10 noktada 30 cm x 30 cm'lik kareler halinde bitki say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131n. Her noktadaki say\u0131m\u0131 kaydedin ve ortalamay\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n. \"Bitki\" i\u00e7in tek ve tutarl\u0131 bir tan\u0131m kullan\u0131n: bir ta\u00e7tan \u00e7\u0131kan bir g\u00f6vde k\u00fcmesi, g\u00f6vde say\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak 1 bitki olarak kabul edilir. Ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00f6steren t\u00fcm bitkileri dahil edin, ancak tamamen \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ta\u00e7 dokusuna sahip olanlar\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fcp at\u0131n; ilkbahar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda canl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnseler bile ilk kesime kadar hayatta kalmayacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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K\u00f6k ta\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesi<\/div>\n

Rastgele se\u00e7ilen 10 bitkinin her birinden, ana k\u00f6k\u00fc ve ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 keskin bir b\u0131\u00e7akla en geni\u015f noktas\u0131ndan yatay olarak kesin. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 doku, ba\u015ftan sona krem \u200b\u200brenginden beyaza kadar de\u011fi\u015fir. Hastal\u0131k hasar\u0131, ta\u00e7 kesitinde a\u00e7\u0131k kahverengi, kahverengi veya koyu \u00e7izgili alanlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Kesit alan\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 (a\u00e7\u0131k renkli) ve hastal\u0131kl\u0131 (koyu renkli) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 puanlay\u0131n. Ta\u00e7 kesitinin 30%'sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen ta\u00e7 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6steren 50%'den fazla bitkinin bulundu\u011fu bir tarlada, mevcut bitki say\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kay\u0131plar h\u0131zlanacakt\u0131r ve hastal\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit olmadan yenileme, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k modelini tekrarlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0130ki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc birlikte yorumlay\u0131n.<\/div>\n

Metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 3 bitki ve 90% sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ta\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip bir tarlan\u0131n gelece\u011fi, metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 5 bitki ve 60% hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ta\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip bir tarladan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ta\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu tarla, 1-2 \u00fcretim sezonu daha kabul edilebilir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam edecektir; hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ta\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu tarla ise bir sezonda yenileme e\u015fi\u011finin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Yenileme karar\u0131 vermeden \u00f6nce her zaman hem yo\u011funlu\u011fu hem de ta\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Bitki yo\u011funlu\u011fu (metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na)<\/th>\nAyakta durma ya\u015f\u0131 \/ verimlilik<\/th>\n\u00d6nerilen i\u015flem<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
7\u201312 bitki<\/td>\n1-2. Y\u0131l (yeni trib\u00fcn)<\/td>\nM\u00fckemmel \u2014 standart kesim program\u0131n\u0131 koruyun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-7 bitki<\/td>\n3-6. S\u0131n\u0131f (olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131f)<\/td>\n\u0130yi \u2014 y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak kontrol edin, 2-3 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yenileme planlay\u0131n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3-4 bitki<\/td>\nOlgun veya stresli duru\u015f<\/td>\nK\u0131smi bak\u0131m \u2014 e\u011fer yabani otlar bo\u015fluklar\u0131 dolduruyorsa yenileme yap\u0131n; aciliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da 3 bitki bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td>\nHer ya\u015ftan<\/td>\nYenileme \u2014 yenileme yap\u0131lmadan bir i\u015fletme ekonomik verim sa\u011flayamaz.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Yenileme Stratejinizi Se\u00e7meden \u00d6nce Gerilemenin Nedenini Te\u015fhis Etmek<\/h2>\n

Yenileme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ancak a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan neden giderildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kal\u0131c\u0131 olur. Toprak pH sorunlar\u0131, yetersiz drenaj veya ciddi k\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi giderilmemi\u015f bir alana yeni bir a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma alan\u0131 ekmek, eski a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma alan\u0131n\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlayan yeni bir a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma alan\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu te\u015fhis ad\u0131m\u0131, iki ila d\u00f6rt saatlik saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve laboratuvar analizi gerektirir ve yenileme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131la kadar dayan\u0131p dayanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ikinci y\u0131lda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n

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Toprak pH'\u0131 ve kalsiyum<\/div>\n

Yonca, optimum azot fiksasyonu ve mineral kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in 6,5-7,0 pH de\u011ferine sahip toprak gerektirir. pH 6,0'\u0131n alt\u0131nda al\u00fcminyum ve manganez \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelir ve k\u00f6k geli\u015fimine toksik etki g\u00f6sterir; pH 5,8'in alt\u0131nda ise Rhizobium inok\u00fclant\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalma oran\u0131 keskin bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fer ve biyolojik azot fiksasyonu ortadan kalkar. Toprak pH's\u0131n\u0131 0-6 in\u00e7 ve 6-12 in\u00e7 derinliklerden test edin. Kirecin toprakta tamamen reaksiyona girmesi 6-12 ay s\u00fcrer; tam reaksiyonun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in yeniden ekimden en az bir \u00fcr\u00fcn d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6nce pH'\u0131 6,8'e ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gereken d\u00fczeltmeyi uygulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Drenaj ve k\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/div>\n

Phytophthora k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi ve Aphanomyces k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi, enfekte topraklarda s\u00fcresiz olarak devam eden toprak kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klard\u0131r. K\u00f6t\u00fc drenajl\u0131 ko\u015fullarda geli\u015firler ve \u00f6zellikle \u0131slak k\u0131\u015flardan sonra ilkbaharda h\u0131zl\u0131 ta\u00e7 ve k\u00f6k \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olurlar. Kaz\u0131lan k\u00f6klerde koyu, suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f veya eksik yan k\u00f6kler ve merkezi g\u00f6vdeden soyulan siyah veya kahverengi bir korteks g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi te\u015fhisi koyun ve belirli patojene kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcksek diren\u00e7 derecesine sahip bir \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7in. Drenaj iyile\u015ftirmesi (karo drenaj veya konturlama) ve diren\u00e7li bir \u00e7e\u015fit kombinasyonu, tek kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Yonca b\u00f6ce\u011fi tarihi<\/div>\n

Nisan sonu-May\u0131s ba\u015flar\u0131nda ilk bi\u00e7im yoncan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131y\u0131ran birinci nesil yonca b\u00f6ce\u011fi larvalar\u0131, bitkinin k\u0131\u015f boyunca biriktirdi\u011fi k\u00f6k karbonhidrat rezervlerini t\u00fcketir. \u015eiddetli ilkbahar yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi (2-3 ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131lda 30%+ yaprak kayb\u0131), bitki canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderek zay\u0131flat\u0131r ve seyreltmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. E\u011fer bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcndeki azalma ilkbahar yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclme ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle ili\u015fkiliyse, fide canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7imi ve gelecek y\u0131llarda g\u00f6zlem tabanl\u0131 insektisit zamanlamas\u0131, tekrar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen yenileyici bir unsurdur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Yonca Ototoksikli\u011fi: Yeniden Dikim \u0130\u015fleminde Atlayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z Bir Gecikme<\/h2>\n

\"Yonca<\/p>\n

Yonca, \u00f6ncelikle L-triptofan par\u00e7alanma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve saponinler olmak \u00fczere allelopatik (ototoksik) bile\u015fikler \u00fcretir ve salarak yeni yonca fidelerinin \u00e7imlenmesini ve erken geli\u015fimini bask\u0131lar. Bu bile\u015fikler, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen yonca k\u00f6klerinden, ta\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan toprak suyuna sal\u0131n\u0131r. Yeni yonca, bu bile\u015fiklerin y\u00fcksek seviyelerini i\u00e7eren topra\u011fa ekildi\u011finde, fide \u00e7imlenmesi normal g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir ancak fide geli\u015fimi bask\u0131lan\u0131r ve ilk 60-90 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fcnen erken d\u00f6nemdeki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde seyrekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

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Fesih sonras\u0131nda minimum gecikme<\/div>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli ziraat \u00fcniversitelerinden yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, s\u0131cak mevsim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda (toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 65\u00b0F'nin \u00fczerinde) eski yonca tarlas\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi ile yeni yonca ekimi aras\u0131nda en az 4-6 haftal\u0131k, daha so\u011fuk ko\u015fullarda (toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 55\u00b0F'nin alt\u0131nda) ise 8-12 haftal\u0131k bir gecikme oldu\u011funu tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Daha s\u0131cak topraklar, oto-toksik bile\u015fiklerin mikrobiyal ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Minimum gecikme, eski tarlan\u0131n kesilmesinden kaynaklan\u0131r; tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya di\u011fer i\u015flemlerden de\u011fil. Sonbaharda \u00f6len, k\u0131\u015flayan ve ilkbaharda yeniden ekilen bir tarla, \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgede ilkbahar ekim ko\u015fullar\u0131 geldi\u011finde genellikle minimum gecikmeyi kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Gecikme d\u00f6neminde ototoksisite riskini azaltmak<\/div>\n

Eski yonca kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (toprak i\u015fleme veya a\u011f\u0131r diskleme yoluyla) topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, toprak-kal\u0131nt\u0131 temas\u0131n\u0131 ve mikrobiyal aktiviteyi art\u0131rarak ototoksik bile\u015fiklerin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Gecikme d\u00f6neminde ekilen yonca d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u00f6rt\u00fc bitkisi veya tek bir rotasyon bitkisi (yulaf, m\u0131s\u0131r, sorgum), tohum yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaplar, yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 bask\u0131lar ve yeniden ekimden \u00f6nce ototoksik bile\u015fik seviyelerini daha da azalt\u0131r. Bu rotasyon yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u015fiddetli k\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan tarlalar i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen stratejidir; yonca d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bitki ayr\u0131ca konuk bitkiyi bir sezon boyunca ortadan kald\u0131rarak hastal\u0131k d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ototoksisite i\u00e7in pratik test:<\/strong> Yeniden ekime ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce basit bir biyolojik test yap\u0131n. Tarladan y\u00fczeyin 5 cm alt\u0131ndan bir avu\u00e7 toprak al\u0131n ve 2:1 oran\u0131nda dam\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f suyla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Sertifikal\u0131 yonca tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 nemli bir ka\u011f\u0131t havluya yerle\u015ftirin, 10 damla toprak \u00f6z\u00fct\u00fc ekleyin ve 5 g\u00fcn boyunca \u00e7imlenmeyi ve fide geli\u015fimini i\u015flenmemi\u015f bir kontrol grubuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferlendirin. \u015eiddetli inhibisyon (30%+ \u00e7imlenme azalmas\u0131 veya bodur fideler), ototoksik bile\u015fiklerin hala aktif oldu\u011funu ve gecikme s\u00fcresinin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Toprak Haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Yenileme Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Belirleyen pH ve Besin D\u00fczeltmeleri<\/h2>\n

Yonca ekimi i\u00e7in tohum yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131ll\u0131k bitkiye g\u00f6re daha hassas bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k gerektirir; yonca tohumu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr (yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak pound ba\u015f\u0131na 220.000 tohum), fide ana k\u00f6k\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131r ve bitkinin ilk alt\u0131 ayda toprak k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na tahamm\u00fcl edememesi, olgun bir bitkinin yapabildi\u011fi gibi s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pH veya besin eksiklikleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcme yetene\u011fini s\u0131n\u0131rlar. M\u0131s\u0131r veya bu\u011fday i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir olan tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki k\u0131saltmalar, yonca i\u00e7in beklemede olan ekim yata\u011f\u0131 yenileme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

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Toprak pH d\u00fczeltmesi<\/div>\n
Hedef pH de\u011feri 6,6\u20137,0'd\u0131r. Toprak testine g\u00f6re belirlenen oranlarda tar\u0131msal kire\u00e7 uygulayarak, hedef pH de\u011ferine derinlikte (sadece y\u00fczeyde de\u011fil) ula\u015f\u0131n. \u00d6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kalsitli kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131, s\u0131cak topraklarda 6-9 ay i\u00e7inde reaksiyona girer; peletlenmi\u015f kire\u00e7 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 reaksiyona girer. Kire\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ekimden en az bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6nce yap\u0131n; ilkbahar mahsul\u00fc (yulaf), sonbahar yonca ekiminden \u00f6nce kirecin reaksiyona girmesi i\u00e7in ideal rotasyon s\u00fcresini sa\u011flar.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Fosfor<\/div>\n
Hedef Bray P 30\u201350 lbs\/acre veya Mehlich-3 P 40\u201360 lbs\/acre olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fosfor, Rhizobium nod\u00fcl geli\u015fimi ve fide k\u00f6k b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Toprak testinde fosfor hedef de\u011ferin alt\u0131nda ise, ekim s\u0131ras\u0131nda fosforlu g\u00fcbre uygulay\u0131n; uygulamay\u0131 geciktirmeyin veya b\u00fcy\u00fcme mevsimine yaymay\u0131n. Ekim s\u0131ras\u0131nda tohumla birlikte s\u0131ra i\u00e7ine uygulanan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bfosforu (g\u00fcvenli bir form\u00fclasyonda 4\u20138 lbs P2O5\/acre), serpme fosfor yeterli olsa bile erken k\u00f6k geli\u015fimini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Potasyum<\/div>\n
Hedeflenen K miktar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 200-250 lbs (91-113 kg) de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir potasyumdur. Yonca fidelerinde potasyum eksikli\u011fi, alt yapraklardan ba\u015flayarak yaprak kenarlar\u0131nda sararma (yanma deseni) neden olur; bu durum g\u00f6rsel olarak k\u00fck\u00fcrt eksikli\u011fine benzer ancak daha ya\u015fl\u0131 yapraklarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Potasyum eksikli\u011fini beklemeden, ekim a\u015famas\u0131nda uygulay\u0131n; 1. y\u0131lda potasyum eksikli\u011fi olan bir fide ekimi, so\u011fu\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 direncin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle 4. ve 5. y\u0131llardaki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Bor<\/div>\n
Yonca i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bir mikro besin maddesi olan bor eksikli\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen u\u00e7 tomurcu\u011fun geli\u015fimini engeller; bitki normal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6kler ve alt yapraklar geli\u015ftirir, ard\u0131ndan u\u00e7 tomurcuk \u00f6l\u00fcr ve yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcme yan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerden gelir, bu da bodur, \u00e7ok g\u00f6vdeli bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme yol a\u00e7ar. Toprakta bor seviyesi 0,5 ppm'nin alt\u0131nda ise yonca i\u00e7in yetersizdir. Yetersiz topraklarda ekim s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 0,5-1,0 lb saf bor uygulay\u0131n; bor ayr\u0131ca nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uygulama oranlar\u0131nda da zehirlidir, bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca toprak testine dayanarak uygulay\u0131n, asla varsay\u0131ma dayanarak uygulamay\u0131n.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Yenileme \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7e\u015fit Se\u00e7imi: 2026'da \u00d6nemli Olan Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k Dereceleri<\/h2>\n

\"Saman<\/p>\n

Yonca tarlalar\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7imi, belirli bir agronomik \u00f6zellikler k\u00fcmesine 6-8 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k gerektirir. 2026'da se\u00e7ece\u011finiz \u00e7e\u015fit, 2031'deki tarlan\u0131z\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecektir. Son on y\u0131lda \u00e7e\u015fit yelpazesi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti; \u00e7e\u015fitler art\u0131k 15 y\u0131l \u00f6nce mevcut olmayan anlaml\u0131 hastal\u0131k direnci paketlerine sahip ve Ulusal Yonca Birli\u011fi'nin \u00e7e\u015fit test veritaban\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan diren\u00e7 derecelendirmeleri, mevcut en g\u00fcvenilir tarama arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Hastal\u0131k direnci \u00f6ncelikleri<\/div>\n

Yenileme i\u00e7in minimum diren\u00e7 dereceleri (1-5 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde, R = Diren\u00e7li): Phytophthora k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: Islak topraklarda R veya HR gereklidir; iyi drene edilmi\u015f topraklarda MR kabul edilebilir. Aphanomyces: \u00d6trofik topraklarda R, normal topraklarda MR. G\u00f6vde nematodu: Bilinen ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan b\u00f6lgelerde R; aksi takdirde gereksizdir. Yonca mozaik vir\u00fcs\u00fc: Yaprak biti bask\u0131s\u0131 olan b\u00f6lgelerde R. Mavi yonca yaprak biti: Kaliforniya ve G\u00fcneybat\u0131 sulama yap\u0131lan \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda R.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Sonbahar uyku d\u00f6nemi derecelendirmesi<\/div>\n

Sonbahar uyku hali (FD) derecelendirmesi, 1-11 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde, \u00e7e\u015fidin sonbaharda ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 uykuya ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. FD 2-4: \u00c7ok uykulu, sert k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuzey b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in en uygun, m\u00fckemmel k\u0131\u015f hayatta kalma oran\u0131, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verim potansiyeli. FD 5-7: Yar\u0131 uykulu, ge\u00e7i\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in uygun. FD 8-11: Uykulu de\u011fil, en y\u00fcksek verim potansiyeli, yaln\u0131zca \u0131l\u0131man k\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde (Kaliforniya, Arizona, K\u00f6rfez K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131) uygun. FD'yi, istedi\u011finiz verime de\u011fil, b\u00f6lgenizin k\u0131\u015fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6re ayarlay\u0131n; 5. b\u00f6lge k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uykulu olmayan bir \u00e7e\u015fidi yeti\u015ftirmek, di\u011fer y\u00f6netim \u00f6nlemlerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n felaket niteli\u011finde k\u0131\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Verim deneme verileri<\/div>\n

Tohum \u015firketlerinin verim iddialar\u0131na g\u00fcvenmeyin; bunun yerine, bulundu\u011funuz eyaletteki ziraat \u00fcniversitelerinin \u00e7e\u015fit deneme verilerini kullan\u0131n. \u00dcniversite denemeleri, b\u00f6lgenizi temsil eden topraklarda, ayn\u0131 y\u00f6netim ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k denemelerde en iyi 3-5 \u00e7e\u015fit, en k\u00f6t\u00fc 3-5 \u00e7e\u015fitten s\u00fcrekli olarak her kesimde d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 0,3-0,8 ton daha fazla verim sa\u011flar; bu fark, 6 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te birikerek anlaml\u0131 bir \u00fcretim avantaj\u0131 olu\u015fturur. \u00c7e\u015fitten daha fazla verimi etkileyen ekim ve kesim y\u00f6netimi kararlar\u0131, ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yonca bi\u00e7me s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bitki \u00f6mr\u00fc k\u0131lavuzu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Yenileme \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Ba\u015far\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Tohum Ekim Y\u00f6ntemi, Oran\u0131 ve Zamanlamas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Yenileme ama\u00e7l\u0131 tohumlama, ilk ekimden kritik bir a\u00e7\u0131dan farkl\u0131d\u0131r: tohum yata\u011f\u0131 genellikle yeni bir tarlada elde edilebilecek taze s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, yabanc\u0131 otlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda de\u011fildir. Sonland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eski a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131klar, kal\u0131nt\u0131, k\u00f6k kanallar\u0131 ve genellikle yeni fidelerle ilk 30-60 g\u00fcn boyunca \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in rekabet eden yabanc\u0131 ot bask\u0131s\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r. Tohumlama y\u00f6ntemi ve oran\u0131 se\u00e7imleri bu zorluklar\u0131 telafi eder.<\/p>\n

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Geleneksel toprak i\u015fleme y\u00f6ntemlerinin yenilenmesi<\/div>\n

Ekimden \u00f6nce topra\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcn, diskleyin ve tohum yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz ve s\u0131k\u0131 bir hale getirin. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r ve en e\u015fit ekim derinli\u011fi kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flar. Dezavantaj\u0131: Tam toprak i\u015fleme, tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda toprak nem kayb\u0131na neden olur, e\u011fimli tarlalarda erozyon riskini art\u0131r\u0131r ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ekim aras\u0131nda zaman ve ekipman maliyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Avantajlar\u0131: En temiz tohum yata\u011f\u0131, ideal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda en g\u00fcvenilir \u00e7imlenme ve fide \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ekim oran\u0131: 0,25\u20130,50 in\u00e7 ekim derinli\u011finde, d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 18\u201322 lb saf canl\u0131 tohum (PLS).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Toprak i\u015flemesiz veya minimum toprak i\u015flemeli yenileme<\/div>\n

Eski yonca tarlas\u0131n\u0131 ila\u00e7lama y\u00f6ntemiyle yok edin, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in 2-4 hafta bekleyin, ard\u0131ndan yeni yoncalar\u0131 do\u011frudan an\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7ine, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kesmek ve tutarl\u0131 bir ekim derinli\u011fi elde etmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f, topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemeyen veya ara ekim yapan bir ekim makinesiyle ekin. Avantajlar\u0131: Toprak nemini korur, erozyon riskini azalt\u0131r, ekipman maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Dezavantajlar\u0131: Fide a\u015famas\u0131nda kal\u0131nt\u0131 rekabeti \u00f6nemli olabilir; mahsul kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden tohum-toprak temas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru bas\u0131nca sahip topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemeyen bir ekim makinesi gerektirir; ekimden \u00f6nce, yok etme i\u015fleminde seyreltilmi\u015f tarlalardaki yabanc\u0131 ot rekabeti y\u00f6netilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Ekim oran\u0131: De\u011fi\u015fken tohum yata\u011f\u0131 temas\u0131n\u0131 telafi etmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 20-25 lbs PLS.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Yonca ekimi i\u00e7in eksiksiz k\u0131lavuz; a\u015f\u0131lama uygulamas\u0131, ekim derinli\u011fi, refakat\u00e7i bitki y\u00f6netimi ve fide y\u0131l\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 ot kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kapsar. Yonca ekimi ve tohumlama y\u00f6netimi k\u0131lavuzu<\/a>Yenileme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemeyen ekim makineleri ve tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rlama ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fanz\u0131man ve tahrik sistemi \u00f6zellikleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r. tar\u0131msal \u015fanz\u0131man ve PTO tahrik sistemi bile\u015fenlerinin \u00f6zellikleri<\/a>Yenilenmi\u015f stand\u0131n\u0131z balyalama i\u015flemine haz\u0131r hale geldi\u011finde, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimize g\u00f6z at\u0131n. Yonca saman\u0131 i\u00e7in yuvarlak balya makineleri<\/a> \u00dcretim \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finize uygun balyalama kapasitesini se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Yenileme Sonras\u0131 \u0130lk Y\u0131l Y\u00f6netimi: Yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Korumak<\/h2>\n

Yenileme i\u015fleminden sonraki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fcme mevsimi, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n en savunmas\u0131z oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Yeni fidanl\u0131k, yabanc\u0131 otlara kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet avantaj\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir, stresli kesimlere kar\u015f\u0131 tolerans\u0131 yoktur ve olumsuz ko\u015fullar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullanabilece\u011fi yerle\u015fik bir k\u00f6k rezervi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Filizlenme ile ilk \u00fcretim y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonu aras\u0131nda al\u0131nan y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131, yenileme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 6+ y\u0131l verimli verim sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde hayatta kal\u0131p kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n

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KES\u0130M 1<\/div>\n
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\u0130lk y\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli karar\u0131: do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fcme evresini beklemek.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yenileme ama\u00e7l\u0131 dikilen fidanlar\u0131n ilk kesimi, \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme d\u00f6neminden ilk \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fe kadar olan 10% (\u00e7i\u00e7eklenmeden ilk \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fe kadar olan 10%) a\u015famada yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; bu, ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131na, boya veya herhangi bir d\u0131\u015f takvime g\u00f6re de\u011fil, esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk kesimi \u00e7ok erken (erken tomurcuklanma a\u015famas\u0131nda) yapmak, bitki yeterli k\u00f6k k\u00fctlesi olu\u015fturup toparlanmadan \u00f6nce k\u00f6k karbonhidrat rezervlerini t\u00fcketir. \u0130kinci y\u0131lda fidan seyreltmesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir\u00e7ok yenileme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, fidanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tam olarak toparlanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 erken bir ilk y\u0131l hasad\u0131na do\u011frudan ba\u011flanabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fcme ne kadar ilerlemi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrse g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u00fcn, ilk hasattan \u00f6nce en az 10% bitkinin ilk \u00e7i\u00e7eklerini g\u00f6stermesini bekleyin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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YABAN\u0130 OT KONTROL\u00dc<\/div>\n
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Yeni fidelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini engellemeden \u00f6nce yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yonca fideleri ilk 30-60 g\u00fcn boyunca daha uzun yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n g\u00f6lgelemesine tahamm\u00fcl edemez. E\u011fer geni\u015f yaprakl\u0131 veya \u00e7im yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 yonca fidelerinden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyorsa, e\u015flik eden bitkiyi veya yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 20 cm (yonca fidesi g\u00f6vdesinin \u00fczerinde) bi\u00e7mek, yoncaya zarar vermeden g\u00f6lgelemeyi azalt\u0131r. Sertifikal\u0131 yonca fidelerinde se\u00e7ici herbisit uygulamas\u0131, etiketli \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle (imazethapyr, EPTC) m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ancak zamanlama ve yonca b\u00fcy\u00fcme a\u015famas\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na kesinlikle uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r; fide y\u0131l\u0131nda herbisit yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamas\u0131 en yayg\u0131n yenileme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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D\u00dc\u015eME D\u0130NLENME<\/div>\n
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Sonbahar\u0131n son bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7in beklenen ilk don olay\u0131ndan 6-8 hafta \u00f6ncesine kadar bekleyin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu durum, olgun bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alana k\u0131yasla yenileme y\u0131l\u0131nda daha da kritiktir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni fideler, olgun bir bitkinin maksimum k\u00f6k rezerv kapasitesini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu 2-3 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreyi hen\u00fcz tamamlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenileme y\u0131l\u0131nda, son budama zaman\u0131n\u0131 8 haftaya (standart 6 haftal\u0131k don \u00f6ncesi s\u00fcre yerine) uzatmak, yeni kurulan k\u00f6k sistemine k\u0131\u015f hayatta kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in karbonhidrat depolamas\u0131 i\u00e7in maksimum s\u00fcre sa\u011flar. K\u00f6k rezervleri t\u00fckenmi\u015f olarak k\u0131\u015fa giren bir yenileme a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131, olgun bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n aksine, kabarma, kuruma ve hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Yenilenen Standdan Neler Beklenmeli ve Verim Geri Kazan\u0131m Zaman \u00c7izelgesi<\/h2>\n

Yenilenmi\u015f bir orman\u0131n verim seyrini anlamak, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i beklentiler belirlemeye ve i\u015fletmelerin ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini planlamas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Yenileme, olgun bir orman\u0131n en y\u00fcksek verimine hemen e\u015fde\u011fer de\u011fildir; 2-3 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde en y\u00fcksek verime ula\u015fan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir iyile\u015fme e\u011frisini izler.<\/p>\n

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40\u201360%<\/div>\n
Olgun bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan\u0131n t\u00fcm sezon veriminin y\u00fczdesi olarak 1. y\u0131l verimi \u2014 ekim tarihine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1-2 bi\u00e7im m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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75\u201385%<\/div>\n
2. y\u0131lda verim toparlanmas\u0131 \u2014 3-4 bi\u00e7im, kalite art\u0131\u015f\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7 yo\u011funlu\u011fu verimli denge seviyesine ula\u015farak istikrar kazan\u0131yor.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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95\u2013105%<\/div>\n
3. y\u0131lda en y\u00fcksek \u00fcretim seviyesine ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 \u2014 kesim program\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir, a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan verimli olgunluk a\u015famas\u0131nda.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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6-10 y\u0131l<\/div>\n
\u0130yi planlanm\u0131\u015f bir yenileme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hastal\u0131klara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitler ve iyi bir y\u00f6netim ile verimli bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fc elde edilebilir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Birinci y\u0131ldaki ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7ebiliriz:<\/strong> Yenileme y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ikinci hasad\u0131ndan sonra bitki say\u0131m\u0131 ve yem testi yap\u0131n. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir yenileme, metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na en az 6-8 bitkinin d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, dik ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi, kloroz veya bodurluk olmamas\u0131n\u0131 ve yem testinin olumlu sonu\u00e7 vermesini g\u00f6sterir. yem testi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a> Kesim a\u015famas\u0131na uygun \u2014 erken \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme a\u015famas\u0131nda CP 18%'nin \u00fczerinde, kuru madde baz\u0131nda NDF 42%'nin alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sezon ortas\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesinde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru giden bir yolda ikinci k\u0131\u015fa girmesine izin verilmek yerine, derhal te\u015fhis edilmesi gereken bir probleme sahiptir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Yonca Tarlas\u0131 Yenileme Hakk\u0131nda S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n
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\nEski yoncalar\u0131 tamamen yok etmeden, seyrek yonca ekili alanlara yeni yonca tohumu ekebilir miyim?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
Seyrek bir alana, mevcut yonca bitkilerini tamamen yok etmeden ara ekim yapmak, genellikle iki birle\u015fen fakt\u00f6r nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmaz: mevcut yonca bitkilerinden kaynaklanan oto-toksiklik (sadece \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli olarak oto-toksik bile\u015fikler salg\u0131larlar) ve yerle\u015fik bitkilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k, su ve besin maddeleri i\u00e7in rekabeti. Yeni fideler, geni\u015f k\u00f6k rezervlerine ve yerle\u015fik ta\u00e7 pozisyonuna sahip olan yerle\u015fik yonca bitkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde rekabet edemez. \u0130stisna: ta\u00e7 o kadar a\u00e7\u0131k ki \u0131\u015f\u0131k rekabeti minimum d\u00fczeyde olan, metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 2'den az bitki bulunan alanlar; bu durumlarda, mevcut bitki ta\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nan bir ekim makinesiyle ara ekim, kabul edilebilir bir tutunma sa\u011flayabilir. \u00c7o\u011fu seyrek alan i\u00e7in, uygun bir bekleme s\u00fcresiyle birlikte tam yok etme, ara ekimden daha g\u00fcvenilir bir yenileme sonucu verir.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
\nStand\u0131m her yenileme i\u015fleminde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oluyor. Tekrarlanan yenileme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sebebi nedir?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
Ayn\u0131 tarlada tekrarlanan yenileme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 neredeyse her zaman tohum veya y\u00f6netim sorunundan ziyade ele al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f bir toprak veya drenaj sorununa i\u015faret eder. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015f\u00fcpheliler \u015funlard\u0131r: altta yatan toprak asitli\u011finin (y\u00fcksek organik madde ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 veya toprak ana materyalinden kaynaklanan) tamamen d\u00fczeltilmemesi nedeniyle 2-3 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 6,3'\u00fcn alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen toprak pH's\u0131; yoncan\u0131n kaz\u0131k k\u00f6k derinli\u011fi gereksinimi i\u00e7in yetersiz toprak drenaj\u0131 (verimli yonca i\u00e7in su tablas\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar ortas\u0131ndan sonbahara kadar 1,2 metrenin alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gerekir); veya k\u00f6t\u00fc drenajl\u0131 topraklarda kal\u0131c\u0131 toprak kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131k (Aphanomyces, Phytophthora) olup, yeni ekim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 eski ekim alanlar\u0131 kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yeniden enfekte etmesi. S\u00fcrekli ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan bir tarlada ba\u015fka bir yenileme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sadece y\u00fczey \u00f6rne\u011fi de\u011fil, kapsaml\u0131 bir toprak profili analizi yapt\u0131r\u0131n ve il\u00e7e tar\u0131m uzman\u0131n\u0131zla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn. Baz\u0131 tarlalar, y\u00f6netim kalitesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, yonca \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in tar\u0131msal olarak uygun de\u011fildir.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
\n2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda komple bir yonca tarlas\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesinin d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na maliyeti ne kadard\u0131r?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
Yonca tarlalar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen yenilenmesi, ekim i\u015fleminin sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kire\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131, toprak i\u015fleme, tohum, a\u015f\u0131lama ve tohum ekimi dahil olmak \u00fczere, b\u00f6lgeye, toprak i\u015fleme y\u00f6ntemine ve tohum fiyat\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na tipik olarak $350\u2013$620 TL'ye mal olmaktad\u0131r. Maliyet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131: sonland\u0131rma herbisiti $18\u2013$35; kire\u00e7 (gerekirse, 4 y\u0131la yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f $50\u2013$150 = $12\u2013$38\/y\u0131l); toprak i\u015fleme i\u015flemleri $45\u2013$90; tohum $10\u2013$16\/lb \u00d7 20 lbs\/acre = $200\u2013$320; a\u015f\u0131lama $6\u2013$12; tohum ekimi $18\u2013$35. \u0130lk y\u0131l k\u0131smi verim, bu maliyeti $80\u2013$180\/acre gelir oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131r. Ba\u015faba\u015f kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131: 50% tam verim \u00fcreten seyrek bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k, yenilenmi\u015f bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re her bi\u00e7imde acre ba\u015f\u0131na $80\u2013$150 daha az gelir sa\u011flar; yenilemenin toparlanma s\u00fcresi, k\u00fcm\u00fclatif verim avantaj\u0131n\u0131n yenileme maliyetini a\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce genellikle 2 \u00fcretim sezonudur.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
\nYenilenmi\u015f yonca tarlas\u0131na tohum ekmek i\u00e7in sonbahar m\u0131 yoksa ilkbahar m\u0131 daha uygun?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
Her iki zaman dilimi de farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde uygulanabilir. Sonbahar ekimi (kuzey b\u00f6lgelerde Temmuz sonu - Eyl\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131, g\u00fcneyde Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim) yazl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k yabanc\u0131 otlardan kaynaklanan rekabetin azalmas\u0131, fide b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli daha serin s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ve bir sonraki baharda ilk verimli bi\u00e7imden \u00f6nce yeterli yerle\u015fme s\u00fcresi gibi avantajlara sahiptir. Risk: Ekim \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 yap\u0131l\u0131rsa veya sonbahar ko\u015fullar\u0131 elveri\u015fsizse, yeterince yerle\u015fmemi\u015f fidelerin k\u0131\u015f\u0131n donarak \u00f6lmesi. \u0130lkbahar ekimi (kuzey b\u00f6lgelerde Nisan sonu - May\u0131s) daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck k\u0131\u015f donma riski ta\u015f\u0131r, ancak ilkbahar yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131yla rekabet eder. Genel kural: E\u011fer sonland\u0131rma ve tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beklenen ilk don olay\u0131ndan en az 40-50 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce sonbahar ekimine izin verecek \u015fekilde tamamlanabiliyorsa, sonbahar ekimi ilk y\u0131l daha iyi verim sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 verir. Zaman \u00e7izelgesi don olay\u0131ndan 40 g\u00fcnden daha k\u0131sa ise, ilkbahar ekimine ertelenmeli ve k\u0131\u015f boyunca erozyon kontrol\u00fc ve yabanc\u0131 ot bask\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in tarla y\u00f6netilmelidir.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
\nBitkilerimin k\u0131\u015f donu nedeniyle mi yoksa hastal\u0131k nedeniyle mi \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l anlar\u0131m?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
K\u0131\u015f donmas\u0131 ve k\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarlada farkl\u0131 bitki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m modelleri olu\u015fturur. K\u0131\u015f donmas\u0131 genellikle topografya ile ili\u015fkili, d\u00fczensiz bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ma neden olur; so\u011fuk iklimlerde al\u00e7ak noktalar, kuzeye bakan yama\u00e7lar ve yetersiz kar \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip alanlar orant\u0131s\u0131z kay\u0131plar g\u00f6sterirken, y\u00fcksek ve iyi drenajl\u0131 alanlar hayatta kal\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f donmas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca, tarlan\u0131n her yerinde daha az k\u0131\u015fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitleri e\u015fit \u015fekilde etkileme e\u011filimindedir. K\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise tarlada daha rastgele bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ma neden olur ve genellikle topografik modelden ziyade \u0131slak b\u00f6lgeler veya toprak s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 alanlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. Etkilenen bitkileri s\u00f6k\u00fcn: K\u0131\u015f donmas\u0131, sa\u011flam ancak susuz kalm\u0131\u015f ta\u00e7 ve k\u00f6k dokusuyla t\u00fcm bitkiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr; ta\u00e7 temiz bir \u015fekilde kesilir ve her yerinde homojen bir renk g\u00f6sterir; \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme veya renk bozulmas\u0131 yoktur. K\u00f6k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde canl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bitkilerde bile koyu, suyla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen k\u00f6k ve ta\u00e7 dokusu olu\u015fturur. Kombine bir modele sahip bir tarlada hem k\u0131\u015f donmas\u0131 hem de hastal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir; uygun \u00e7e\u015fit yan\u0131t\u0131, yenilemede her iki sorunu da ele al\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
\nEski bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmek i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131m herbisiti, yeni ekili alanda yabanc\u0131 ot kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in de kullanabilir miyim?+<\/span><\/summary>\n
\u00c7o\u011fu durumda hay\u0131r \u2014 yerle\u015fik bir yonca tarlas\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kimyasal madde (tipik olarak toprakta kal\u0131nt\u0131 b\u0131rakmayan glifosat), fide halindeki yonca tarlalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in etiketlenmi\u015f herbisitlerden (imazetapir, EPTC ve ekim y\u0131l\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 ot kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in uygulanan di\u011ferleri) farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Sonland\u0131rma i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan glifosat\u0131n toprakta kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 yoktur ve etikette belirtilen yeniden giri\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyuldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece yeni ekilen yonca i\u00e7in herhangi bir risk olu\u015fturmaz. Bununla birlikte, \u00f6nceki \u00fcr\u00fcnlere uygulanan baz\u0131 rotasyon herbisitlerinin toprakta kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu da yonca fidelerini etkileyebilir \u2014 \u00f6nceki 12-24 ay i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan herhangi bir uygulama i\u00e7in herbisit kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin ve yonca ekiminden \u00f6nce yeniden ekim aral\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n. Orta Bat\u0131'da en yayg\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131 herbisit yenileme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeni, \u00f6nceki bir m\u0131s\u0131r mahsul\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan triazinlerdir (atrazin, metribuzin).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\"foragebaler.com<\/p>\n

Yonca \u00dcretim Sisteminiz \u0130\u00e7in Balya Makinesi \u00d6nerileri Al\u0131n<\/h3>\n

Yonca ekim alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, hedef verim seviyenizi, mevcut trakt\u00f6r beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc ve hedef pazar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bize bildirin. Yenileme alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ilk y\u0131l \u00fcretim hacmine ve en y\u00fcksek verim y\u0131llar\u0131na uygun balya makinesi boyutunu, balya yo\u011funlu\u011fu ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011f sarma konfig\u00fcrasyonunu onayl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Yonca Balya Makinesi Tavsiyemi Al\u0131n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Edit\u00f6r: Cxm<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alfalfa Stand Management \u2014 Renovation and Replanting Alfalfa Stand Renovation: When to Replant and How to Reseed An established alfalfa stand represents $250\u2013$600 per acre in seed and establishment investment \u2014 making the decision to renovate, tolerate, or terminate one of the most financially consequential choices in a hay operation’s calendar. This guide provides the […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forage-baler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1019","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1019"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1019\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1021,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1019\/revisions\/1021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1019"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1019"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1019"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}