{"id":1085,"date":"2026-06-04T06:54:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T06:54:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/?p=1085"},"modified":"2026-06-04T06:54:32","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T06:54:32","slug":"hay-production-drought-emergency-forages-dry-year-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foragebaler.com\/tr\/hay-production-drought-emergency-forages-dry-year-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Kurakl\u0131kta Ot \u00dcretimi: Kurak Y\u0131l Stratejileri ve Yem Bitkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/div>\n
Kurakl\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi \u2014 Acil Durum Yem Bitkileri ve \u00dcretim Kararlar\u0131<\/span><\/p>\n

Kurakl\u0131kta Ot \u00dcretimi: Kurak Y\u0131l Stratejileri ve Yem Bitkileri<\/h1>\n

Kurakl\u0131k, t\u00fcr se\u00e7imi, bi\u00e7im zamanlamas\u0131, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc y\u00f6netimi ve kalite testleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc saman \u00fcretimi karar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda de\u011fi\u015ftirir; bu durum, b\u00f6lgeniz D2 veya D3'e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm kararlar\u0131 etkiler. Bu k\u0131lavuz, kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yem kalitesi ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerindeki etkilerini, 45-60 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde hangi acil durum yazl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurdu\u011funu, yoncan\u0131n toparlanmas\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair karar\u0131 nas\u0131l verece\u011finizi ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcreticinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 CRP acil durum saman bi\u00e7me s\u00fcrecini ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin Kurakl\u0131k S\u0131ralamas\u0131na Bak\u0131n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kurakl\u0131k, saman \u00fcretimiyle ilgili t\u00fcm kararlar\u0131 bir anda nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor?<\/h2>\n

Kurakl\u0131k tek bir saman \u00fcretimi sorunu yaratmaz; her birinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc zorla\u015ft\u0131ran etkile\u015fimli birden fazla e\u015f zamanl\u0131 sorun yarat\u0131r. Verim d\u00fc\u015fer ve kalite genellikle ayn\u0131 anda azal\u0131r, bu da \u00e7ifte cezaya yol a\u00e7ar. \u00dcreticilerin normalde kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in y\u00f6netti\u011fi yonca tarlalar\u0131, kurakl\u0131k yoncalar\u0131n 60%'lik ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 zaten \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bazen imha edilmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Teorik olarak bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurabilecek acil durum yem bitkileri, yerle\u015fmek i\u00e7in neme ihtiya\u00e7 duyar; kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek \u015fey de budur. Her sorunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele almak yerine, bu etkile\u015fimleri anlamak, etkili kurakl\u0131k saman y\u00f6netiminin temelidir.<\/p>\n

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40\u201370%<\/div>\n
\u015eiddetli kurakl\u0131k (D3) ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yerle\u015fik serin mevsim ot tarlalar\u0131nda tipik verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u2014 yani normal bir y\u0131lda d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 4 ton \u00fcr\u00fcn veren bir tarla, \u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131nda, ot \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc hayatta kalsa bile 1,2-2,4 ton \u00fcr\u00fcn verebilir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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45-60 g\u00fcn<\/div>\n
Yeterli nem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda en h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen acil durum yazl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k yem bitkilerinin (inci dar\u0131, sorgum sudangrass) ekiminden ilk hasada kadar ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131; bu s\u00fcre, acil bir ekimin en k\u00f6t\u00fc yem k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminden \u00f6nce anlaml\u0131 bir saman sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen zaman dilimidir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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D2\u2013D3<\/div>\n
ABD Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (USDA) Kurakl\u0131k \u0130zleme Sistemi'nin \u015fiddet seviyeleri (\u015eiddetli ila A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k), CRP acil durum ot bi\u00e7me yetkilendirmelerini ve il\u00e7e d\u00fczeyinde kurakl\u0131k felaketi ilanlar\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyen e\u015fik de\u011ferlerdir; \u00fcreticilerin yard\u0131m ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru zamanlamayla yapabilmeleri i\u00e7in bu e\u015fik de\u011ferleri takip etmeleri gerekir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131ndaki saman kalitesinin paradoksu<\/div>\n

Kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki saman, genellikle normal ham protein (CP) aral\u0131klar\u0131nda veya \u00fczerinde test edilir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc su stresi kuru maddeyi yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve protein y\u00fczdesi analizde yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Bununla birlikte, CP'yi yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131ran ayn\u0131 kurakl\u0131k stresi, g\u00f6vde yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n odunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r, ADF ve NDF'yi normal aral\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve ger\u00e7ek enerji kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fini belirleyen NDFD'yi (48 saatlik n\u00f6tr deterjan lif sindirilebilirli\u011fi) azalt\u0131r. 19% CP ve 34% ADF test sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131na ait bir yonca balyas\u0131, protein a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ancak ayn\u0131 tarladan normal bir y\u0131lda al\u0131nan 18% CP, 28% ADF balyas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji de\u011ferine sahiptir. Kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131na ait saman\u0131 her zaman tam yem test paneliyle de\u011ferlendirin; yaln\u0131zca CP tek ba\u015f\u0131na eksik bir tablo sunar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nitrat ve siyan\u00fcr riski<\/div>\n

Kurakl\u0131k stresi, normal nem seviyelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen iki farkl\u0131 kimyasal g\u00fcvenlik sorununa neden olur. Nitrat birikimi: Kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki serin mevsim otlar\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck taneli tah\u0131llar, topraktaki nitratlar\u0131 proteine \u200b\u200bd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremez; bu da nitratlar\u0131n g\u00f6vde dokusunda birikerek saman\u0131 t\u00fcketen s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda methemoglobinemiye neden olacak seviyelere ula\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Prussik asit (hidrosiyanik asit): Kurakl\u0131k stresi veya solma alt\u0131ndaki sorgum t\u00fcrleri, bitki hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde prussik aside d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen siyanogenik bile\u015fikler biriktirir. Her iki risk de, yemleme \u00f6ncesinde kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki saman\u0131n \u00f6zel olarak test edilmesini gerektirir; standart bir yem analizi bu risklerin hi\u00e7birini tespit etmez. Kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki sorgum saman\u0131 veya kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki tah\u0131l saman\u0131 test edilmeden rutin yemleme, hayvan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine neden olur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kurakl\u0131\u011fa Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k S\u0131ralamas\u0131: Hangi Saman T\u00fcrleri Kurakl\u0131\u011fa Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve Verimlidir?<\/h2>\n

\"Yuvarlak<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek bir \u00f6zellik de\u011fildir; k\u00f6k derinli\u011fi, su kullan\u0131m verimlili\u011fi, \u00f6lmeden fizyolojik uykuya ge\u00e7me yetene\u011fi ve nem geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde toparlanma h\u0131z\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin bir kombinasyonunu yans\u0131t\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u0131ralama, laboratuvar stres tolerans\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini de\u011fil, ABD \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda belgelenmi\u015f tar\u0131msal performans\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Uygulamada, en kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcrler, en derin k\u00f6k sistemlerine ve do\u011fal veya birincil \u00fcretim ortamlar\u0131n\u0131n kurakl\u0131k modellerine en geli\u015fmi\u015f adaptasyona sahip olanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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R\u00fctbe<\/th>\nT\u00fcrler<\/th>\nKurakl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131<\/th>\nD3 kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 standart yan\u0131t<\/th>\n\u00d6zel de\u011ferlendirme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\nYerli \u00e7ay\u0131r otlar\u0131<\/td>\nDerin k\u00f6kler, C4 fotosentezi, evrimle\u015fmi\u015f uyku hali<\/td>\nUykuda ama hayatta kal\u0131yor; ya\u011fmurla iyile\u015fiyor.<\/td>\nCRP kayd\u0131; yerel ot saman\u0131 k\u0131lavuzuna bak\u0131n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nBermuda \u00e7imi<\/td>\nC4, derin rizom sistemi, yar\u0131 uyku hali<\/td>\n\u00dcretim azald\u0131; tezgah ayakta kald\u0131.<\/td>\nG\u00fcney kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birincil yem bitkisi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nSorgum sudangrass<\/td>\nC4, verimli su kullan\u0131m\u0131, h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme<\/td>\nS\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 nem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn verir.<\/td>\n\u26a0 Stres alt\u0131nda prussik asit riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nYonca<\/td>\nDerin kaz\u0131k k\u00f6k (20 fit'e kadar), uyku mekanizmas\u0131<\/td>\nTa\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalma oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir; yeniden dikmeden \u00f6nce de\u011ferlendirin.<\/td>\nStres alt\u0131ndaki a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alanlar\u0131 kesmeyin; bu, k\u00f6k rezervlerini t\u00fcketir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nUzun \u00e7ay\u0131r otu<\/td>\nEndofitlerin strese kar\u015f\u0131 tolerans\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131<\/td>\nVerim azald\u0131; ancak a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hayatta kald\u0131.<\/td>\n\u00c7ay\u0131r otundan daha iyi kurakl\u0131k tolerans\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n\u00c7ay\u0131r otu<\/td>\nLifli k\u00f6kler; orta derecede uyku hali<\/td>\nUyku halinde; k\u0131smi yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/td>\nKuzeydo\u011fu ve Pasifik Kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131, Ge\u00e7i\u015f B\u00f6lgesi'ne g\u00f6re daha diren\u00e7lidir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nTimoteos<\/td>\nS\u0131\u011f k\u00f6kler, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 stres tolerans\u0131<\/td>\n\u015eiddetli kurakl\u0131kta \u00f6nemli a\u011fa\u00e7 kayb\u0131<\/td>\nKurakl\u0131k olay\u0131ndan sonra en y\u00fcksek yenileme maliyeti<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 yonca<\/td>\nKaz\u0131k k\u00f6k sistemi ancak yonca bitkisine k\u0131yasla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 derinlikte<\/td>\nB\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131p; ya\u015fam alan\u0131 k\u0131sald\u0131.<\/td>\nK\u0131sa a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00f6mr\u00fc, kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alanlar\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yok etmesi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Ovalar ve Orta Bat\u0131'da kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 yem sistemlerinin temelini olu\u015fturan yerli ot t\u00fcrleri, hasat zamanlar\u0131 ve kalite profilleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, yerli ot t\u00fcrlerinin y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in yerel \u00fcniversite yay\u0131m k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Acil Durum Yazl\u0131k Y\u0131ll\u0131k Yem Bitkileri: Ekimden Hasada 45-60 G\u00fcn<\/h2>\n

Acil durum yazl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k bitkiler, kurakl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131nda mevcut \u00fcretim se\u00e7enekleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131plak topraktan balyalanm\u0131\u015f samana en h\u0131zl\u0131 yolu sunar. Hepsi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan kritik uyar\u0131 \u015fudur: \u00c7imlenme ve geli\u015fme i\u00e7in neme ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bunlar hi\u00e7 ya\u011fmur almayan tarlalar i\u00e7in uygun bitkiler de\u011fildir; \u00fcretici 10-14 g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7imlenme ve geli\u015fme penceresini atlatabilirse, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 nem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bile \u00fcr\u00fcn verebilen bitkilerdir. Kuru topra\u011fa ekim yap\u0131p ya\u011fmur beklemek, ancak 10-14 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ya\u011fmur bekleniyorsa ve toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 65\u00b0F'nin \u00fczerindeyse uygulanabilir bir stratejidir.<\/p>\n

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\u0130nci dar\u0131s\u0131 \u2014 en g\u00fcvenli acil durum se\u00e7ene\u011fi<\/div>\n
Hasat s\u00fcresi:<\/strong> Ekimden itibaren 45-55
\nTohum ekim oran\u0131:<\/strong> 20\u201325 lbs\/acre
\nVerim potansiyeli:<\/strong> \u0130lk bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 3-6 ton verim.
\n\u00d6ny\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda CP:<\/strong> 12\u201316%
\nKritik avantaj:<\/strong> Siyan\u00fcrik asit riski YOKTUR \u2014 t\u00fcm sorgum t\u00fcrlerinin aksine, inci dar\u0131s\u0131 siyanogenik bile\u015fikler i\u00e7ermez. Atlar ve s\u00fct hayvanlar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlidir. Ayr\u0131ca fito\u00f6strojen konusunda da herhangi bir endi\u015fe yok.<\/strong> Bu durum, sorgum tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in sorunlu hale getirir. \u0130nci dar\u0131s\u0131, at \u00e7iftlikleri ve siyan\u00fcr asidi y\u00f6netim protokollerinin gerektirdi\u011fi gecikmeyi g\u00f6ze alamayan i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in acil durum yemi olarak tercih edilir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Sorgum sudangrass \u2014 en y\u00fcksek verim se\u00e7ene\u011fi<\/div>\n
Hasat s\u00fcresi:<\/strong> Ekimden itibaren 45-60 g\u00fcn
\nTohum ekim oran\u0131:<\/strong> 25\u201335 lbs\/acre
\nVerim potansiyeli:<\/strong> \u0130lk bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na 4-8 ton verim.
\n\u00d6ny\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda CP:<\/strong> 10\u201314%
\nPrussik asit protokol\u00fc:<\/strong> Bitkiler 45-60 cm boyuna ula\u015fana kadar bi\u00e7meyin; e\u011fer kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdiren bir ya\u011fmur, bitki strese girdikten veya solduktan sonra ya\u011farsa, bi\u00e7meden \u00f6nce 5-7 g\u00fcn bekleyin; herhangi bir \u015f\u00fcphe varsa, yemlemeden \u00f6nce saman\u0131 HCN a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan test edin. Tarlada kurutma, prussik asidin \u00e7o\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r; saman, taze otlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzemeye g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha g\u00fcvenlidir, ancak kurakl\u0131ktan etkilenmi\u015f malzeme i\u00e7in test yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yine de tavsiye edilir. Kurakl\u0131k alt\u0131nda sorgum yem y\u00f6netimiyle ilgili tam protokol, USDA NRCS ve \u00fcniversite yay\u0131m kaynaklar\u0131nda mevcuttur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Bezelye \u2014 acil durumlar i\u00e7in baklagil se\u00e7ene\u011fi<\/div>\n
Hasat s\u00fcresi:<\/strong> Ekimden itibaren 60-80
\nTohum ekim oran\u0131:<\/strong> 60\u201380 lbs\/acre
\nVerim potansiyeli:<\/strong> 2\u20134 ton\/d\u00f6n\u00fcm
\nCP:<\/strong> 18\u201322% erken bakla a\u015famas\u0131nda
\nAvantaj:<\/strong> Baklagil seviyesinde ham protein i\u00e7eren, azot ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip, siyan\u00fcr veya nitrat riski ta\u015f\u0131mayan ve lezzetli tek acil durum yem bitkisidir. S\u0131n\u0131rlama:<\/strong> Otlara g\u00f6re hasada haz\u0131r hale gelmesi daha uzun s\u00fcrer (60-80 g\u00fcn); s\u0131cak toprak gerektirir (21\u00b0C \u00fczeri); kurutulmas\u0131 zordur (sulu g\u00f6vdeler ve yapraklar); en iyi \u015fekilde -20 nem oran\u0131nda balyalanmal\u0131 ve 90 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yem olarak kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Acil durumlarda baklagil kalitesinde saman ihtiyac\u0131 olan ve 60 g\u00fcnden fazla bekleyebilecek i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in, b\u00f6r\u00fclce en iyi se\u00e7enektir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Kurakl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde beklenmedik bir kaynak olarak yenge\u00e7 otu:<\/strong> G\u00fcneydo\u011fu'da, bermudagrass veya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u0131cak mevsim otu saman\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6netilen tarlalarda s\u0131kl\u0131kla yenge\u00e7 otu (crabgrass) yeti\u015fir.Digitaria t\u00fcrleri<\/em>(\u0130\u00e7lerindeki pop\u00fclasyonlar) - yayg\u0131n olarak yabani ot olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ancak kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda asl\u0131nda y\u00fcksek kaliteli bir saman t\u00fcr\u00fc olan bir bitki. Yenge\u00e7 otu, toprak y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 100\u00b0F'nin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funda (7-8. b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u015fiddetli yaz kurakl\u0131klar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n) bermudagrass'tan daha kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, erken bi\u00e7imde 10-161 TP5T ham protein \u00fcretir ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar ve atlar i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a lezzetlidir. Tarlalar\u0131nda yenge\u00e7 otunu \"yabani ot\" olarak g\u00f6ren i\u015fletmeler, kurakl\u0131k planlamalar\u0131nda hesaba katmam\u0131\u015f olabilecekleri acil bir saman kayna\u011f\u0131na sahiptir. Tohum a\u015famas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce (12-18 in\u00e7'e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) bi\u00e7in; standart balyalama ayarlar\u0131 yeterlidir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Alfalfa Stand Kararlar\u0131: Toparlanmak, S\u0131k\u0131 Bask\u0131 Yapmak veya Sonland\u0131rmak<\/h2>\n

\"Tarlada<\/p>\n

Yoncan\u0131n derin kaz\u0131k k\u00f6k sistemi (\u00fcretken k\u00f6kler, yerle\u015fik alanlarda genellikle 6-15 fit derinli\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131r ve belgelenmi\u015f derinlikleri 20 fitin \u00fczerindedir) ona \u00e7o\u011fu serin mevsim yem bitkisinin sahip olamayaca\u011f\u0131 kurakl\u0131k tolerans\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 - yeni b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak y\u00fczeyindeki b\u00f6lge - k\u00f6k sisteminden farkl\u0131 bir tolerans profiline sahiptir. Yeterli nem olmadan uzun s\u00fcre 100\u00b0F'nin \u00fczerindeki toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131na maruz kalan bir ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6lebilirken, derin k\u00f6k sistemi canl\u0131 kalabilir. Bitki sadece k\u00f6klerden yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcyemez; ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131 gereklidir. Kurakl\u0131k sonras\u0131 alan de\u011ferlendirmesi, sadece k\u00f6k derinli\u011fini veya y\u00fczey g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil, ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n durumunu da de\u011ferlendirmelidir.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\u0130Y\u0130LE\u015eMEK
\nDuru\u015fu koruyun<\/span><\/div>\n
Ne zaman:<\/strong> Metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 5'ten fazla bitki; ta\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun dikey olarak kesildi\u011finde krem\/beyaz i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr (sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131); ilk 0,5 in\u00e7lik ya\u011fmurdan sonra 14 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde aktif yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00f6zlemlenir. Y\u00f6netmek:<\/strong> Budamadan \u00f6nce a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n 15 cm'den fazla uzamas\u0131na izin verin; bu, kurakl\u0131k stresi nedeniyle t\u00fckenen k\u00f6k karbonhidrat rezervlerini yeniden olu\u015fturur. Verim elde etmek i\u00e7in erken budama yapmay\u0131n; kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndayken budanan bir a\u011fa\u00e7, k\u00f6k rezervlerini yenileyemez ve bir sonraki sezona zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olarak girer. \u0130yile\u015fme d\u00f6neminde bir budama daha az yapmak, yanl\u0131\u015f zamanda budama yapmaktan \u00e7ok daha az zarar vericidir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0130TMEK
\nMaksimuma \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n, sonra \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ne zaman:<\/strong> Metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 3-4 bitki; kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ta\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (50-60% bitkisinin i\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 beyaz, geri kalan\u0131 renk de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyor); baz\u0131 alanlar tamamen \u00f6l\u00fc, di\u011fer alanlarda ise makul bitki yo\u011funlu\u011fu mevcut. Y\u00f6netmek:<\/strong> Hayatta kalan a\u011fa\u00e7lardan bir sezon daha maksimum verim elde edin ve hayatta kalan dallar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bi\u00e7me s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netin. Gelecek sezon i\u00e7in rekabet\u00e7i bir \u00e7e\u015fit ile sonbahar yenilemesi planlay\u0131n. 12 ay i\u00e7inde yenilemeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz bir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alana g\u00fcbre ve girdilere fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmay\u0131n.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
SONLANDIRMAK
\nYeniden dikin veya yerini de\u011fi\u015ftirin<\/span><\/div>\n
Ne zaman:<\/strong> Tarlan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na 3'ten az bitki; dikey olarak kesildi\u011finde kahverengi\/siyah merkez g\u00f6steren ta\u00e7lar\u0131n 60%+'s\u0131; ilk \u00f6nemli ya\u011fmurdan 3 haftadan fazla s\u00fcre sonra g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr bir yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcme yok. Y\u00f6netmek:<\/strong> Toprak i\u015fleme veya herbisit ile m\u00fcdahale edin; kalan kurumu\u015f bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tarlay\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesine ve yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurmas\u0131na izin vermeyin. Yonca ekimi i\u00e7in mevsim ge\u00e7 ise, sonbahar-ilkbahar yem bitkisi olarak k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6rt\u00fc bitkisi ekmeyi ve ard\u0131ndan bir sonraki sonbaharda yonca ekimi yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Ototoksik etki y\u00f6netimi yap\u0131lmadan (ideal olarak bir y\u0131l bekleyin veya rotasyon uygulay\u0131n) kurakl\u0131ktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f bir yonca tarlas\u0131na hemen yonca yeniden ekmeyin.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

CRP Acil Durum Ot Bi\u00e7me: \u00c7o\u011fu \u00dcreticinin Mevcut Oldu\u011funu Bilmedi\u011fi Koruma Alanlar\u0131na Eri\u015fim<\/h2>\n

\"Saman<\/p>\n

Koruma Rezerv Program\u0131 (CRP), USDA \u00c7iftlik Hizmetleri Ajans\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kapsam\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek oranda erozyona u\u011frayan veya \u00e7evresel a\u00e7\u0131dan hassas yakla\u015f\u0131k 22-25 milyon d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck araziyi kapsamaktad\u0131r. Normal program \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, kay\u0131tl\u0131 arazilerde ot bi\u00e7ilemez, otlat\u0131lamaz veya hasat yap\u0131lamaz. Bununla birlikte, USDA, kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 belgelenmi\u015f bir hayvan yemi acil durumu yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, CRP arazilerinde acil ot bi\u00e7me yetkisine sahiptir ve CRP arazilerine sahip olan veya CRP arazilerine kom\u015fu olan \u00fcreticilerin, ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan \u00f6nce bu yetkilendirme s\u00fcrecini anlamalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
Yetkilendirme s\u00fcreci<\/div>\n

Ad\u0131m 1:<\/strong> USDA'n\u0131n bulundu\u011funuz il\u00e7e i\u00e7in kurakl\u0131k felaketi ilan\u0131 veya kurakl\u0131kla ilgili acil durum bildirisi yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Aktif acil durum yetkilendirmeleri i\u00e7in USDA Kurakl\u0131k \u0130zleme Sistemi'ni (drought.gov) ve yerel FSA hizmet merkezini takip edin. Ad\u0131m 2:<\/strong> CRP arazisi i\u015fletmecisi (hayvan sahibi olmayabilir), kendi CRP s\u00f6zle\u015fme alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in acil ot bi\u00e7me izni almak \u00fczere FSA hizmet merkezine ba\u015fvurur. 3. Ad\u0131m:<\/strong> FSA inceleme yapar ve belirli ko\u015fullar (\u015ferit gereksinimleri, zamanlama k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131, gerekli belgeler) i\u00e7eren yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir yetkilendirme verir. Ad\u0131m 4:<\/strong> Yetkilendirme \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ot bi\u00e7me i\u015flemi devam eder. \u0130\u015fletmeci otu kendine saklar; \u00e7o\u011fu acil durum yetkilendirmesinde, yetkilendirilen alan i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131lan \u00f6deme genellikle 25% oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Saman\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc ve de\u011feri ne kadar?<\/div>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Ovalar, Orta Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu'daki CRP arazilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, b\u00fcy\u00fck mavi ot, Hint otu, kam\u0131\u015f otu, yan yulaf grama ve benzeri t\u00fcrler gibi yerli ot ekimi olarak kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Tohum geli\u015fiminden \u00f6nce (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ovalar'\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda Haziran sonu ile Temmuz ortas\u0131 aras\u0131nda) bi\u00e7ilen yerli ot CRP saman\u0131, y\u00fcksek lif sindirilebilirli\u011fi ve m\u00fckemmel lezzet ile 8-14% ham protein \u00fcretir. Bak\u0131m ve orta d\u00fczeyde \u00fcretim yapan s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar ve kuru inek i\u015fletmeleri i\u00e7in uygundur. Daha y\u00fcksek ham protein gerektiren besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in takviye olarak kullan\u0131labilir. Fiyat: Kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda $85-$130\/ton - kurakl\u0131k piyasalar\u0131nda geleneksel saman $150+\/ton iken, geleneksel samanla rekabet edebilir. Yerli ot saman\u0131 \u00fcretimi ve balyalama k\u0131lavuzu<\/a> Bu k\u0131lavuz, CRP arazilerinde tipik olarak bulunan t\u00fcrler i\u00e7in kesim zamanlamas\u0131 ve balya makinesi ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Kurakl\u0131k Y\u0131l\u0131nda Saman Kalitesi: Zorunlu Test Gereksinimleri<\/h2>\n

Kurakl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki saman, standart yem paneli testlerinin \u00f6tesinde test uygulamalar\u0131 gerektirir. \u0130ki \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenlik sorunu \u2013 sorgum t\u00fcrlerinde nitrat birikimi ve prussik asit \u2013 g\u00f6rsel olarak kabul edilebilir g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ve normal ham protein aral\u0131klar\u0131nda test edilen samandan kaynaklanan hayvan kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olabilir. Standart yem testi (ham protein, ADF, NDF, TDN) bu tehlikelerin hi\u00e7birini tespit etmez. Ek testlerin sipari\u015f edilmesi, standart panel maliyetine $15\u2013$30 ekler; yem t\u00fcr\u00fc ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 risk g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde bu testleri sipari\u015f etmemek, \u00fcreticilerin hayvan kaybetmesine neden olur.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
Nitrat testi \u2014 gerekti\u011finde<\/div>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in nitrat testi sipari\u015f edin: kurakl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda veya kurakl\u0131ktan sonraki 2 hafta i\u00e7inde bi\u00e7ilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck taneli saman (yulaf, \u00e7avdar, arpa, bu\u011fday); kurakl\u0131ktan etkilenen tarlalardan elde edilen m\u0131s\u0131r yemi veya m\u0131s\u0131r saplar\u0131; aktif kurakl\u0131k stresi d\u00f6neminde bi\u00e7ilen serin mevsim otu saman\u0131; kurakl\u0131k stresi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bi\u00e7ilen sudan veya sorgum saman\u0131. G\u00fcvenli e\u015fik: s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z s\u0131\u011f\u0131r beslemesi i\u00e7in 1.000 ppm'nin (0,1%) alt\u0131nda nitrat-N; 1.000\u20132.500 ppm: beslemeyi s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131n ve di\u011fer yemlerle seyreltin; 2.500 ppm'nin \u00fczerinde: beslemeyin. Saman\u0131n balyalamadan \u00f6nce normalden 4-6 g\u00fcn daha uzun s\u00fcre tarlada kurutulmas\u0131na ve k\u00fcrlenmesine izin verilerek nitrat seviyeleri 40-60% azalt\u0131labilir - uzat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcrleme, nitrat\u0131n biyolojik olarak par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Prussik asit \u2014 sorgum saman\u0131 protokol\u00fc<\/div>\n

T\u00fcm sorgum t\u00fcrleri (sorgum sudangrass, sudangrass, yem sorgumu, tah\u0131l sorgumu) ve bunlar\u0131n hibritleri stres alt\u0131nda siyanogenik bile\u015fikler \u00fcretir. \u00d6zellikle saman i\u00e7in: tarlada kurutma, prussik asidin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r (HCN kurutma i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda buharla\u015f\u0131r). -171 TP5T nem oran\u0131na kadar kurutulmu\u015f ve 30 g\u00fcnden fazla depolanm\u0131\u015f saman, standart ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar i\u00e7in genellikle g\u00fcvenlidir. Bununla birlikte, kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdiren bir ya\u011fmur olay\u0131ndan hemen sonra bi\u00e7ilen kurakl\u0131k stresi alt\u0131ndaki malzeme -bitkide hem y\u00fcksek miktarda birikmi\u015f siyanogenik bile\u015fik hem de eksik solma oldu\u011funda- depolama s\u00fcresine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n yemlemeden \u00f6nce test edilmelidir. Kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sorgum saman\u0131 i\u00e7in tam prussik asit protokolleri \u015furada bulunmaktad\u0131r: Sorgum sudangrass saman\u0131 \u00fcretim k\u0131lavuzu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 ot y\u00f6netimi<\/div>\n

Kurakl\u0131ktan etkilenen \u00fcreticilerin ge\u00e7 ba\u015faklanma d\u00f6neminde bi\u00e7tikleri (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7ok seyrek ve zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in salk\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda bi\u00e7meyi hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmazlard\u0131) \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k ot tarlalar\u0131, bir\u00e7ok hayvan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in besin de\u011feri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu\u011fday saman\u0131na benzer, y\u00fcksek NDF ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck NDFD'li saman \u00fcretir. Y\u00f6netim: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ham proteini (genellikle ge\u00e7 ba\u015faklanma d\u00f6nemindeki kurakl\u0131k saman\u0131nda 8%'nin alt\u0131nda) dengelemek i\u00e7in protein takviyesi yap\u0131n; toplam kaba yem al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 60-70% ile s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131n; mevcutsa daha y\u00fcksek kaliteli samanla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Yem katk\u0131 maddeleri (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli kaba yem i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar), lif sindirici bakteri pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 uyararak kurakl\u0131ktan etkilenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f saman\u0131n rumen kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kurakl\u0131k saman\u0131 kaba yem dolgu maddesi olarak de\u011ferlidir, ancak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takviye yap\u0131lmadan besi veya laktasyon d\u00f6nemindeki s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar i\u00e7in birincil besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00fcvenilmemelidir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Kurakl\u0131kta Saman Al\u0131m\u0131: Fiyat, Kalite Riski ve Mesafe<\/h2>\n

Kurakl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki saman piyasalar\u0131, normal arz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda mevcut olmayan al\u0131m riskleri yaratan yap\u0131sal olarak normal y\u0131llardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Saman\u0131n pahal\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na neden olan ayn\u0131 saman k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n normal bir piyasada satamayacaklar\u0131 marjinal veya sorunlu saman\u0131 (nitrat riski ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u00e7ok \u0131slak balyalamadan kaynaklanan k\u00fcfl\u00fc veya beyan edilenden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalitede saman dahil) sunmalar\u0131na da yol a\u00e7abilir. Kurakl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda saman sat\u0131n almak, k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman bask\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011fil, daha y\u00fcksek al\u0131c\u0131 uyan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

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Kurakl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 sat\u0131n alma protokol\u00fc<\/div>\n